1.1Polyester fibre - staple fibres and filament yarns - together is the largest textile fibre produced worldwide (24.48 million tons) in 2004.. It alone accounts for 36.30% of all textile fibres produced and constitutes 64.45% of all manmade fibres made. Please look at the values given below in Table1
* Mr. Nanal could be contacted on his e-mail id: synanal@yahoo.com
Also, polyester has grown at an impressive rate of 6 % per year world wide (15 % in Asia) against 3 % for all fibres put together. Thus polyester is the most popular textile fibre today and will remain so for years to come.
1.2There are several reasons for the popularity of polyester fibres. Some of the major ones are:
(i)Has a high tensile strength and an excellent abrasion resistance compared to that of natural fibres and some manmades. This combination makes for a high wear life - upto 3 times of fabrics made from natural fibres. Polyester fabrics last and last and last.
4.2Author is a technical consultant with Amit Commercial Corporation, Hyderabad. Amit has made arrangements with Toray International Inc. Osaka to obtain speciality polyester fibres from four top fibre producers in South East Asia - Toray, Japan,; Saehan, Korea; Penfibres, Malaysia and Nan Ya, Taiwan. Almost all the fibres listed here are made by one or other of theses four companies. We can help a merchant exporter/ importer / mills to select the right fibre for a given end use, choose proper fibre specification, work with known textile mills to spin weave and process the fibre to obtain desired end fabric with the best possible properties expected. We have adequate technical know how within our group and if need be we can always get technical advice from the four fibre producers whose fibre we market.
4.3We sincerely feel it is high time we in India get into manufacture of specific fabrics/garments/made ups using speciality polyrster fibres and capture niche markets in the world. Developmental efforts are required; but we believe there is excellent talent in this country to do it. We understand today there is not much profit in run- of- the- mill product. We are sure our technical personnel will take this challenge and make a success of it-the earlier we do it, better it is. We feel there is only one way forward for our industry for achieving prosperity tomorrow-go for specialities fast and in a big way.
(i)Cotton like Yarns in 210 / 96 and 170 / 72
(ii)Rayon like - FY - 50 / 72. 50 / 36, 75 / 36, 150 / 72 and 75 / 72
DTY - 50 / 72, 75 / 72 and 200 / 144
(iii)Wool like - 240 / 96, 200 / 96, 160 / 48 and 200 / 48 and
(iv)Silk like - in fine deniers like 15 and 30 with 96 filaments in full brig
4. Conclusions
4.1Here in Table II is a summary of value additions that could be made with speciality polyester fibres.
(ii)Polyester fabrics maintain their smooth appearance / creases well throughout the working day thus maintaining the smart and confidant appearance of the wearer. Polyester fabrics do not get crumpled even if the person wearing sleeps in them.
(iii)Dyes and prints on polyester fabrics are fast to repeated washings / dry cleanings and do not fade over years of use..
(iv)Polyester fabrics do not shrink or lose their shape on long usage. And
(v)Polyester offers a wide range of speciality fibres - and the list is growing.
1.3Polyester has its share of disadvantages too. The major drawbacks are:
(i)It generates static charge - particularly in dry weather. This charge attracts dirt and dust, which fortunately are not held tenaciously.
(ii)If proper precautions have not been taken, polyester fabrics could generate pills in places where repeated rubbings take place.
(iii)Polyester's very low moisture absorbency can lead to considerable discomfort to the wearer particularly in hot, humid atmosphere and if the wearer is doing a vigorous physical activity, the RH at skin level then could go well above 80 - 85%. A wearer is comfortable only if RH at skin level is held below 50 % and
(iv)White polyester tends to turn 'yellow' after long exposure to bright sun light.
1.4Speciality polyester fibres are essentially modified polyester fibres and have at least one property which fully covers one of polyester's disadvantage e.g. Antistatic or conducting fibres do not generate static charge, anti pill fibres produce pill free fabrics, moisture management fibres carry perspiration out very fast thereby maintains RH at skin level at a comfortable level and Optically Bright or White fibres ensure very slow yellowing of the white fabrics. Apart from these, there are several other specialities like flame retardant, anti bacterial, UV Block etc, which give some very special property to the fabrics made - and what is important is that all the fabrics from speciality polyester fibre do have all the good properties of the standard polyester fabrics.
1.5Several methods are used to make speciality fibres. These are:
(i)Adding a specific chemical / compound during polymerization. Thus the special property conferred is permanent, fast to any number of washes / dry cleanings, as the specific chemical becomes an integral part of the fibre. Examples are: Flame retardant fibre wherein a derivative of phosphoric acid is added and anti bacterial / anti fungal fibres where another additive is added.
(ii)Alterations to polymer quality - like lowering of Intrisic Viscocity (IV) for making antipill fibres
(iii)Making changes in the manufacturing process - examples are micro denier fibres and sewing thread fibres.
(iv)Modifying the cross section of the fibre - examples are single and multiple hollow, trilobal, triangular, pentalobal, octalobal, flat, kidney shaped and dog bone shaped fibres. There are also serreated fibres and in plus sign shape and
(v)Addition of a suitable colorant like carbon black and pigments. To give dope dyed fibres in black and over 60 shades covering the full range of a rainbow. Black, of course, is the most popular fibre in this range.
1.6Only a few polyester fibre manufacturers offer a range of specialities. Some of these are: Toray, Teijin and Unitika from Japan, Saehan in Korea, Nan Ya Plastics of Taiwan, Penfibre from Malaysia, Thai Teijin in Thailand, Sasa of Turkey, Hoechst in Germany and Wellman from USA. Information on quantities of Speciality Fibres made is not easily available.
In India, black, sewing thread fibre, triangular, cationic dyeable, easy dyeable and micro 0.8 Den are being made.
1.7Speciality polyester staple fibres are expensive. Their India landed price in US Dollars C&F any Indian port ranges from 1.60 to 3.50 per kg against the current price of standard polyester staple fibre of say 1.4 D being US Dollars 1.25 per kg. (September 2005). Flame retardant fibre, UV Block fibre and Moisture Management fibres are the costlier ones.
2. Speciality Polyester Fibres
2.1Most of these specialities are available in both staple and filament form. There are some which are available only in staple form and few are produced only in filament form. This information is given in the text below.
2.2Here is a list of speciality fibres prepared on the basis of the author's information. It is quite possible that some of the specialities could have been missed.
The list gives the name of the speciality, available deniers / cut lengths / , special properties and end uses.
(i)Micro 0.8 Den and Super Micro (0.5 Den) - world's finest polyester fibre.
Available cut lengths are 32 and 38 mm. There are 2 special properties:
(a)Ability to spin finer - up to 160s with 0.5 D in 100% form and
(b)An extremely soft silky feel which is permanent due to the inherent fineness of the fibre, but it is necessary to have a polyester rich blend and fabric should have high reed / pick.
End uses: A brand new range of fine and superfine fabrics in either 100% polyester or polyester / combed cotton blends using 2 / 80s, 2/100s, 2/120s yarns has to be developed to make:
This is just a proposed list. It can well be expanded.
Indian spinners are amongst the very few in the world to spin fine yarns upto 140s in pure cotton. We have, therefore, the culture to spin fine. Author feels we should take advantage of this unique strength of ours to offer fine and superfine fabrics / garments / made ups to the world market. This could be a niche market waiting to be developed. Since there will not be any worldwide competition, Indian manufacturers can easily obtain their prices and earn reasonable profits. Small quantities of 0.5 Den X 32 / 38 mm fibres have been imported by a few adventurous spinning mills in India, and surely in the next few months, several fabrics will be developed and final garments and made ups manufactured. Only then the potential of the super micro denier fibre of 0.5 Den will be known.
(ii)Moisture Management fibre: Is available in 1.4 and 2.0 Den in all the usual cut lengths. It has a serrated cross section to enable wicking action to transport sweat quickly to the outside and helps in evaporating it faster. A strip of fabric made out of this fibre and dipped in coloured water illustrates its strength. Water climbs the fastest and highest in this strip against strips from 100% cotton and normal polyester and when the strips are removed from water, shaken and held under a fan, this is the strip that dries first.
As mentioned earlier, comfort to a wearer is a function of RH at skin level, and for a wearer to feel 'good', RH at skin level should be below 50 %. By quickly carrying the sweat formed at skin level to outside for evaporation, this fibre ensures comfort under hot humid conditions. Suggested end uses are: sports wear and track suits. Author feels that in cities like Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai, which are hot and humid for a major portion of the year, shirts / T-shirts / blouses / sarees / salwar kamiz out of this fibre should prove comfortable to people. We really need to try out this idea.
(iii)Antibacterial / antifungal fibres: These are available in solid form in 1.2, 1.4 and 2.0 Den in 38 / 44 / 51 mm cut lengths for apparel / sheeting end use and in 6.0 Den X 64 mm for non wovens. It is also available in hollow form in 7.5 Den X 65 mm cutlengths. An organic compound that gives the antibacterial / antifungal properties is added during polymerization, so these properties are permanent - fast to any number of washes and dry cleanings.
These fibres have several uses:
(a)In hospitals / operation theatres - for gowns for surgeons and nurses, sheets to cover a newly operated patient who still may be bleeding; as bedsheet and pillow cover with pillow stuffed with hollow antibacterial / anti fungal fibre. Blankets used by patients could be made of a non woven structure using hollow antibacterial / anti fungal fibre covered by a fabric out of solid antibacterial / antifungal fibre, we go all the way. Other uses in hospitals are: masks, bandages, underwears, socks etc.
Another use could be uniforms for workers in pharmaceutical and food industries. One more use will be in hotels particularly in blankets as well. Indian Railways give free beddings and blankets to all travelers in air-conditioned bogies, while we would expect the bed sheets etc to be sufficiently sterile as they are freshly laundered; the blanket is always a suspect. The fibre structure inside a blanket would offer enough space for bacterias like those of TB to multiply, so one always worries who used the blanket the previous night. Also, blankets are not washed frequently, so it makes sense to have a blanket made out of hollow anti bacterial / anti fungal fibres. One more plus point of the fibre is that it removes bad odours of certain bacterias.
(iv)Flame Retardant Fibre: Is available in 1.2, 1.4, 2.0 and 3.0 deniers in all usual cut lengths for woven / knitwear and in 6, 7, 10, 12 and 15 deniers in 64 mm cut length for non wovens. Here a derivative of phosphoric acid is added during polymerization, so flame retardant property is permanent. The fabric out of this fibre does not burn, nor is any smoke produced. Flames get extinguished when they reach this fabric. In one incident of a theatre burning - Uphaar Theatre in Delhi - 62 persons died, but only 20 or so were dead due to burning, rest were suffocated and trampled to death. When fire was noticed, there was considerable smoke and people could not see the exits.
There was a mad stampede. If the chairs, carpets and curtains in that theatre were to be made out of the flame retardant fibre, there would have been no casualties. Further at higher temperature reached in a major fire, this fibre being a polyester, will melt @ 240 Deg C , and then could burn and produce smoke - this smoke is not toxic, so it is a safe fibre to use. This fibre satisfies standards for flammability / limiting oxygen index / non-toxicity if it burns in different countries. Test conditions vary from country to country; also depends upon the end use. Fabrics meant for aviation use have the strictest conditions. Europe, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Japan - these countries have laws which state that all textile materials used in public places - restaurants, theatres, halls, buses, trains, passenger ships, aircrafts must be made out of flame retardant fibres only. (Flame retardant finishes are also available. These are fast to only 4 to 5 washes and nil to dry cleanings as the flame retardant finishes are soluble in dry cleaning medias.). Several countries including India still have yet to pass such a law.
The end users: Furnishings, curtains carpets, interior fabrics used in halls, theatres, lounges, cars, buses, trains, air crafts etc. Also for work wears in industries where high temperatures are common and there is danger of fire. Also recommended for night dresses / bed sheets (for those who smoke in bed) and children's night wear.
The coarser denier range 6 to 15 is for non - woven - carpets, mats, partition felts etc.
(v)UV Block Fibre: This is a sheath and core fibre. The sheath is normal polyester polymer and the core contains very fine ceramic powder. This fibre is available in 1.7D and 2.2 D in 38 / 51 / 69 mm cut lengths. The fibre reflects both, UV A and B rays and infrared rays so the wearer is fully protected from the ill effects of UV rays on skin- wrinkles and pre - mature aging (Australia has the world's fiercest Sun and prolonged exposure to Sunlight has even caused skin cancer there.). The ceramic powder also makes the fibre totally opaque and increases the density of the fibre; thereby improves its drape and fall.
End use for the fibre will be - Dress Materials - particularly for persons with delicate skin and in countries where sun is fierce- Middle East, deserts and, umbrellas, curtains to reflect UV and curtains for dark rooms / theatres etc. This is another niche market waiting to be explored.
Also the use of fabrics made out of this fibre will not need a wearer to use costly sun screen lotions. Further as this fibre blocks IR rays, a wearer will feel 'cool' in hot sun.
(vi)High Drape Fibres: This fibre is similar to UV Block Fibre except that it is a normal fibre where ceramic powder is added during polymerization. So the friction with this fibre will be high and may pose minor problems in actual spinning. Also friction at ring / traveller could release ceramic powder, so spinners may see ring rail etc. full of white powder. This is cheaper than the UV block fibre. Is available in 1.2/ 1.4 D in 38 mm cut lengths. While the manufacturers do not claim blocking of UV etc. the ceramic powder inside the fibre will contribute. The main advantage of this fibre is basically higher fibre density, which in turn will improve drape and fall.
It should therefore allow mills to make lighter suiting and lighter curtains to give good drapes. If a mill makes a lighter suiting - say 125 grams / sq m out of normal fibre then it will not behave as a suiting but more as a pajama, but if the same fabric is made with this High Drape Fibre, it should be okay.
This fibre opens a field for real lightweight suiting, which will have good drape and fall.
(vii)Nylon like Polyester Fibre: Nylon fibre has better elastic properties than polyester. So if we have a polyester with nylon like properties, it could be used in fabrics wherein the elastic properties play a part-- in knitwear / tight fitting dresses etc. so this is a fibre, which will give some stretch (Not as good as what spandex fibre gives) at a reasonable price. Surprisingly the dyeability of this fibre is almost three times that of standard polyester, so another advantage for knitwear - Disperse dyeing at 1/3rd of cost. Fibre is available in 1.7, 2.0 and 3.0 D in 38 / 44 / 51 mm cut lengths. End uses - knit wear / as weft in tight fitting dress including jeans.
(viii)Hollow Apparel Fibre: Is available only in 2.8 D in 38 and 76 mm cut lengths. This hollow fibre has entrapped air that gives excellent thermal insulation. Recommended for thermal underwear and outer wear for use in winters which are severe.
(ix)Dope Dyed Fibre: Are available in black and another 60 plus shades of rainbow. Black dope dyed fibre is made by using carbon black and master batch chips containing inorganic pigments which will be stable at 290 deg. - 300 deg, the temperature used during spinning of polyester fibre.Black dope dyed fibre is used mainly in apparel - preferred for ladies garments. The use of fibre of 60 plus shades is not so much for apparel but for car interiors - seat covers, carpets, curtains. The reason being cars get parked in hot sun for hours, so light fastness values of all dyed goods used inside a car ought to be 7. It is not possible to get this fastness value with disperse dyeing where with certain skills, a dyer could achieve a light fastness value of 5. Therefore top car makers in Japan insist on using dope dyed fibre fabrics. These fibres are usually available in limited deniers like 2.0 D for car interiors and 8.0 D for carpets. The shades here are custom made to match the car exterior shade.
Black dope dyed fibre is available in all deniers and in all cutlenghts.
(x)Cationic Dyeable / Easy Dyeable Fibre: Is available in 1.2, 1.4, 2.0 and 3.0 Den in all cut lengths. The polymer of this fibre has affinity for cationic dyes which gives very vivid and bright shades or prints on polyester. That brightness cannot be obtained with disperse dyes. The fibre is, therefore, recommended for ladies' dress material, children's dresses, draperies and knit wear. By using standard polyester yarns along with yarns from this cationic dyeable fibre, it is possible to get a two tone effect after dyeing.
This fibre also can be dyed with disperse dyes at 98 deg. C. in open becks without the need of a HTHP Dyeing Machine. Thus this fibre is ideal for making 'polyvastra' fabrics - hand spun hand woven polyester khadi fabrics. So far this polyvastra fabric was being sent to large process houses for processing. With this fibre being used, polyvastra could be dyed in a village. Heat setting may be avoided as villagers use fairly loose fitting garments where a little higher shrinkage will not matter.
(xi)Anti Pill Fibres: Pilling has been a problem with polyester fabrics particularly with spinners preferring high tenacity fibres in 1.2 / 1.4 D X 44 or 51 mm cut lengths to spin 30 s / 40 s / 50 s yarns at high spindle speeds pf 20,000 rpm plus. The yarns so produced are hairy. It is these protruding fibres which form pills after rubbing. Pills do get formed with cotton or viscose fibres, but the pills fall off during use as the fibre breaks because of lower strength. The tenacity of polyester being high - in the range of 6.4 grams / denier, the pills formed do not fall off and so give a bad appearance to the garment.
Therefore today anti pill fibres with a tenacity of 3.5 gpd are available for 100 % polyester and polyester / viscose fabrics spun on cotton system and super anti pill fibre with even lower tenacity of 2.8 gpd are recommended for polyester / wool blends to be spun or worsted spinning system.
These fibres are produced by reducing the intrinsic viscosity of the polymer from the normal 0.63 to as low as 0.53 for anti pill and 0.48 for super anti pill fibres.
These fibres are available only in 2 and 3 D in 44 / 51 mm for use on cotton system and 66 to 110 mm cut lengths in 2 mm steps for worsted system.
One advantage of particularly super anti pill fibre is its natural fibre feel. It is very 'wool' like which could be its bigger advantage.
These fibres are recommended for premium quality suiting in polyester / viscose and polyester / wool for sophisticated markets in US, Europe and Japan.
(xii)Sewing Thread Fibre: This fibre is also called Super High Tenacity Fibre. It is normally made only in 1.2 D in 44 mm cut length and in bright lustre. (May be because cotton sewing threads are mercerized and so are brighter). Its tenacity at break is around 7.5 gpd, elongation at break is around 16% and its T 10 is around 6.0 gpd. Its dry heat shrinkage at 180 deg. C. is around 3.5% (against 5 to 8 with normal apparel fibres). This fibre has to have the high tenacity since it is used solely for stitching polyester fabrics. A general rule is the sewing thread has to be stronger than the fabric it is stitching; otherwise sewing threads could break during the use of the stitched garment and may cause embarrassment to the wearer.
Its low hot air shrinkage ensures puckering free stitching.
The end use is 100% polyester sewing threads. Rkm of the single yarn should be around 40 - 41. The fibre becomes almost 100% crystalline in the effort to get 7.5 gpd; and a true sewing thread fibre does not easily dissolve in the solvent for polyester at room temperature. Also, because of high crystallinity, the dyeability of this fibre is lower by 15-20% compared to that of normal 1.2 Den fibre.
As this fibre is heat set at very high temperatures - 225 deg. C, or so and for a longer duration, its crimping is poor - crimps / inch are lower than the normal value of 12 - 14 per 25 cm and both crimp stability and crimp take up are also inferior. This fibre cannot, therefore, be processed at high speeds in preparatory.
(xiii)High Shrink Fibre: This fibre shrinks upto 59% in boiling water in 30 seconds in one step. One condition is - this fibre - even in bale form - is stored below 27 deg. C. before use i.e. during transportation, at the ports and in mill godown. At higher room temperature the fibre will start shrinking. This fibre is available in 1.4, 2.0 and 3.0 D in all usual cut lengths. It is recommended to use in apparel to get crinkle effect, for non-woven felts and for making artificial leather. One possible use is to replace high bulk acrylic yarn by doubling 100 % high shrink fibre with normal fibre yarn with a light twist; knit a garment and then process it to allow the high shrink fibre yarn to shrink.
(xiv)Low Shrink Fibre: This fibre shrinks only less than 1 % in hot air at 180 deg C in 20 minutes. Fibre is available in 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 D in all usual cut lengths. Suggested end use is filter fabric for hot air / hot liquids in process industries. One idea is to use this 100% low shrinkage fibre yarn for weaving fabrics of finished width equal to the reed space of the loom.
(xv)Full Bright and Full Dull Fibre: Titanium di oxide is added during polymerization to make the fibre appear dull. By varying the amount of this delustrant, different lustres could be produced such as
It is recommended to spin these fibres in 100% polyester. Then use yarns of different lustres in warp way and weft way or both ways to get shadow stripes or checks.
(xvi)Fibres of Different Cross Sections: By changing the shape of holes in the spinnerets, it is possible to have fibres with different shapes. Some of the more known fibre shapes are:
(i)Flat - Available in 3.3 Den. gives a unique feel and handle to the fabric. Recommended for furnishings.
(ii)Trilobal - A true Trilobal fibre does not give glitter but a soft feel.
(iii)Triangular -what is called trilobal in India is essentially a triangular fibre with a slight curve in all the 3 sides. This fibre is made with full bright polymer i.e. with a TiO2 level of 0.05%. the shape makes light falling on the triangular fibre to reflect repeatedly from inside and so gives a glittering appearance. This fibre is made in coarser deniers of 2.5 and 3.0 D in 51 mm. (Coarser denier fibre gives better glitter). This fibre is used in 15 - 25% blend with regular fibres in fibre dyed suiting. Occasionally some mills have spun 100% triangular yarns for weaving some special fabrics.
(iv)Dog bone / kidney shaped - Used in coarser denier for furnishing end use.
(xvii)Hygiene Fibres: This is a two polymer fibre with-- polyester / polypropylene. This fibre is highly water absorbent, is non-toxic and has a feel of natural cotton. Is available in 2.0 and 6.0 Den. Recommended end uses are disposable diapers, feminine napkins and under pads.
(xviii)Low Melt Fibre / Binder Fibre: This fibre is used for bonding polyester webs in non wovens. Earlier chemical binders were used to bind the webs. But then because of pollution problems, most non-woven producers have shifted to these low melt binder fibres. These are essentially sheath and core fibres. Sheath is a modified polyester polymer that softens at 110 deg C while the core is standard polyester. This fibre is available in 2, 3, 4 and 6 deniers in 64 mm cut lengths. Normally about 15% binder fibre is used. One fibre producer's binder fibre has 50% cross section with low melt polymer. So lower quantities of binder fibres are needed.
(xix)Hollow and Hollow Conjugate Fibres: Simple hollow fibres- with single hole or multiple holes-are used for stuffing- in siliconised finish for pillows and in non-siliconised version for quilts and furniture. These fibres are usually made out of recycled polymer. The hollow conjugate fibre is a core and sheath fibre with polymers of different viscosities. A spiral crimp develops due to differential shrinkage properties of the 2 polymers. This fibre is available in 3, 4.5, 7 and 15 deniers in 64 mm cut lengths. It is also given an anti bacterial finish. Recommended uses are - soft toys, pillows, furniture and non woven padding, bedding etc.
(xx)Short Cut PSF: This is standard polyester fibre of denier from 0.5 to 7.0 denier cut to a short length of 3, 5, 6 and, 12 mms. It is treated with a different spin finish that enables this short fibre to disperse easily in aqueous solutions. This fibre is used for reinforcing paper, plastics, rubber and concrete and can be employed as filter media in automobile air filters, vacuum cleaner bays, battery separators, in R/O separate medias and in synthetic and specific papers. Author has personal experience with this fibre in Paper Industry. Additions of 2% of this fibre increase tear strength of paper by 20 - 25%. India is short of good pulp for making quality papers and so a considerable quantity of paper is made by blending recycled used paper. Every time paper is recycled, the mean fibre length of the cellulose fibre in paper shortens and affects tensile and tear strengths. This is where short cut polyester can help in reinforcing recycled blended paper.
(xxi)Perfumed Hollow Fibre: Some fibre producers offer hollow fibres with perfumes put inside the hollow. Ranges of perfumes vary from floral to those of mountain air.. Both pillows and quilts are available with perfumed hollow fibres. Producers claim sound- peaceful- stress free sleep is obtained using pillows and quilts containing perfumed fibres, but then perfumes being volatile, the fragrance is lost in a few months.
(xxii)Water Sensitive Fibres: These are fibres which contain sensitive pigments, when dry, the pigment has one colour, when wetted with water, and the colour alters. Recommended end use is swimsuits. So when a swimmer having said red swim suit jumps into swimming pool, the swim suit changes its colour say to green. On drying the original colour reappears
(xxiii)Anti static or Conducting Fibres: By adding fine stainless steel powder polyester fibre is made fully conductive. Fibre is recommended for use as carpets in computer rooms to allow static charges - if any- to leak away.
(xxiv)Optically Bright or Optically White Fibres: These fibres are usually made with bright polymer and by adding at least 180 ppm of optically brightner usually in bluish or violet tinge. The final fabric has an excellent milky white appearance and retains its whiteness for a much longer period. Ideal for office wear and uniforms.
3 Speciality Polyester Filament Yarns
3.1As mentioned earlier, most specialities are available in both staple fibre and in filament form.
3.2Additional Speciality Polyester Filament Yarns:
Comments