Introduction
Nanotechnology can be defined in a number of ways; it is a vast and fresh emerging topic for the world. It is an arrangement and systematisation on the scale of ~ 100 nm and less. Scientific fraternity does not consider it a science but a multi-scientific, while industrial sectors rate the technology as multi industries.
Human creativity can be communicated through its jumbo platform, which includes the command of comprehension and operating atomic and molecular substance and communications as mandatory for the optimisation of present products and the making of new ones. Perhaps that is why it is called an ideal scientific storm in place where all natural sciences come together and meet one another at the nanoscale. Nanotechnology incorporates many applications of different industries like health care, medicine, security, electronics, communications and computing.
While discussing nanotechnology, we should better understand the broad difference between science and technology. A novice technician may be misled by the term and holds the nanotechnology to be a technology manufacturing operative tools made-up and functioning on the scale of nanometers like molecular machines and molecular electronic tools. The technology is also regarded by some as a fresh but rising region of research, which slowly and gradually, will tell us more about itself clearly.
Top-down and Bottom-up
Two basically diverse methods assert the Nanotechnology: 'top-down' and 'bottom-up'. 'Top-down' uses machining, templating and lithographic methods to produce nanoscale structures, but bottom-up, or molecular nanotechnology, uses to develop organic substances into decided structures, atom-by-atom or molecule - by - molecule, often by self-assembly or self - organisation. It is understandable that for the delivery and function of this new science and technology, both tactics are expected to be essential. Several areas of nanotechnology have been taken over by chemists; these fields incorporate the synthesis of inorganic, organic and hybrid nano-materials to apply in nano-tools, the enhancement of novel nano-analytical methods, and the management of biological molecules like DNA and the growth of molecular devices. The management of nanodimensional substance and/or the self-assembly of molecules into well-built compositions are managed by a large portion of chemistry. Nanoscience has already been put into practice by polymer chemists and those concerned with liquid crystals and the strong fields of supramolecular chemistry imposes straight on nanoscience and technology. If good communication of potential pluses assures extensive help, the forthcoming uses of nanotechnology can be countless and wide-ranging. However, we must consider that the promises offered by nanotechnology are both positive and genuine. If we want to convey the truth of scientific development and distinguish between science and science fiction, our puffed up assertions for the nanotechnology will not help us. We must not forget that the positive results of the nanotechnology may come after years and the technological challenges we are coping with cannot be worked out merely minimising the physical scope of present materials. Media fear that this new technology triggers a new unexplored menace to society and hence it should be reined.
Bottom-up, complete opposite to top-down, is a method to fuse the material from atomic or molecular species through chemical reactions, allowing for the antecedent particles to develop in size. It's the new concept for fusion in the nanotechnology world that could transform the recipe we make materials. Since the method is opposite to top-down, it begins its function with atoms and molecules and produces larger nanostructures.
This method demands comprehensive knowledge of forces of attraction. One cannot expect things come close without any attractive energy or active field in the region.
Electroplating is the easiest such bottom-up fusion course. By inducing an electric field with an applied voltage, we can attract charged particles to the surface of a substrate where bonding will take place. Most nanostructured metals with high solidity properties are produced with this attitude. It's already been established that electroplating produces a material layer-by-layer, atom-by-atom.
Nanotechnology can be defined in a number of ways; it is a vast and fresh emerging topic for the world. It is an arrangement and systematisation on the scale of ~ 100 nm and less. Scientific fraternity does not consider it a science but a multi-scientific, while industrial sectors rate the technology as multi industries.
Human creativity can be communicated through its jumbo platform, which includes the command of comprehension and operating atomic and molecular substance and communications as mandatory for the optimisation of present products and the making of new ones. Perhaps that is why it is called an ideal scientific storm in place where all natural sciences come together and meet one another at the nanoscale. Nanotechnology incorporates many applications of different industries like health care, medicine, security, electronics, communications and computing.
While discussing nanotechnology, we should better understand the broad difference between science and technology. A novice technician may be misled by the term and holds the nanotechnology to be a technology manufacturing operative tools made-up and functioning on the scale of nanometers like molecular machines and molecular electronic tools. The technology is also regarded by some as a fresh but rising region of research, which slowly and gradually, will tell us more about itself clearly.
Top-down and Bottom-up
Two basically diverse methods assert the Nanotechnology: 'top-down' and 'bottom-up'. 'Top-down' uses machining, templating and lithographic methods to produce nanoscale structures, but bottom-up, or molecular nanotechnology, uses to develop organic substances into decided structures, atom-by-atom or molecule - by - molecule, often by self-assembly or self - organisation. It is understandable that for the delivery and function of this new science and technology, both tactics are expected to be essential. Several areas of nanotechnology have been taken over by chemists; these fields incorporate the synthesis of inorganic, organic and hybrid nano-materials to apply in nano-tools, the enhancement of novel nano-analytical methods, and the management of biological molecules like DNA and the growth of molecular devices. The management of nanodimensional substance and/or the self-assembly of molecules into well-built compositions are managed by a large portion of chemistry. Nanoscience has already been put into practice by polymer chemists and those concerned with liquid crystals and the strong fields of supramolecular chemistry imposes straight on nanoscience and technology. If good communication of potential pluses assures extensive help, the forthcoming uses of nanotechnology can be countless and wide-ranging. However, we must consider that the promises offered by nanotechnology are both positive and genuine. If we want to convey the truth of scientific development and distinguish between science and science fiction, our puffed up assertions for the nanotechnology will not help us. We must not forget that the positive results of the nanotechnology may come after years and the technological challenges we are coping with cannot be worked out merely minimising the physical scope of present materials. Media fear that this new technology triggers a new unexplored menace to society and hence it should be reined.
Bottom-up, complete opposite to top-down, is a method to fuse the material from atomic or molecular species through chemical reactions, allowing for the antecedent particles to develop in size. It's the new concept for fusion in the nanotechnology world that could transform the recipe we make materials. Since the method is opposite to top-down, it begins its function with atoms and molecules and produces larger nanostructures.
This method demands comprehensive knowledge of forces of attraction. One cannot expect things come close without any attractive energy or active field in the region.
Electroplating is the easiest such bottom-up fusion course. By inducing an electric field with an applied voltage, we can attract charged particles to the surface of a substrate where bonding will take place. Most nanostructured metals with high solidity properties are produced with this attitude. It's already been established that electroplating produces a material layer-by-layer, atom-by-atom.
Chemical Vapour Deposition is another big choice of chemists. With the mix of volatile gases and benefits of some simple thermodynamic principles, it's achievable to have your source material travel its way to the substrate and then bond to the surface due to high chemical potentials. This is the one time-tested technique for producing nanowires and carbon nanotubes. It's also a technique of preference for producing quantum dots. At present, CVD is the most favourite and easily accessible technique for producing nanostructures of all kinds.
Much potential can be seen in Self-assembly, as it is a groundbreaking new technique of producing materials from the bottom-up. Ideally, with self-assembly you can throw a bunch of modified molecules in a blend, and they should do all the difficult effort for you. Physical attractive force is one mode to get self-assembly. Material like static electricity, Van der Waals forces, and an array of other short-range attractive forces can be used to adjust component molecules in an ordered collection. This method has been very efficient in producing large grids of quantum dots in a tested periodic lattice.
Our strength to put up things from the bottom up is quite insufficient in scope. We can set up simple structures but we can't produce combined tools from the bottom up. Apart from repeating grids, any kind of general order can't be finished without some sort of top-down effect like lithographic patterning. If we want to take full advantage of the speed and accuracy of bottom up synthesis route, we have to become proficient in it.
Advantage Textile
Obviously, there are huge benefits to have materials that are 100 times stronger than we have now. Items manufactured from these materials could have 100 times less weight, using 100 times less material. Therefore, ultra light cars, trucks, trains, and planes would use far less power, particularly with atomically soft surfaces to minimise internal abrasion and air resistance damages.
Textile industry and fabric will have much the same benefits in functioning. At present, major units of fabrics are run by molecules of natural and synthetic materials like cotton (cellulose), wool (alpha-keratins), rayon (cellulose), polyester, and the like. The molecules are knotted jointly in several fashions to weave fibres, which consecutively can be spun into yarns.
At the molecular level, and considering the strengths of molecular nanotechnology, a clear method to enhance the health and durability of a fabric would be to add force to the fibre with carbyne molecules. Carbyne is a linear chain of carbon atoms with recurrent single and triple bonds. Carbyne has been recognised for some time but within the past year research scientists have effectively stabilized the molecule in long (300-500 atoms) chains by coating the ends with trifluoromethyl and nitrile radicals. Randomly long chains will be feasible with the production of molecular. With an approximated breaking force more than 6nN [19], carbyne is tremendously powerful in tension. A cubic packed range of carbyne molecules would have a tensile force more than 50 GPa (7,000,000 psi). According to analogy, rayon used for commercial purpose has a tensile force of 0.45 GPa (65,000 psi) and nylon, 0.083 GPa (12,000 psi). However, the carbyne molecule is fairly supple, giving many alternatives for winding into fibres.
Applying the identical types of configurations that Drexler created for gate knobs in the mechanical nanocomputer, a carbyne molecule could be cross-linked to other carbyne molecules. The power and rigidity of the resultant array could be oriented by altering the number, length, and geometry of the cross-links. Created of non-cross-linked molecular arrays, Carbyne fibres would have an exceptional amount of rigidity because fissures would not spread from one molecule to the next.
Carbyne has a huge thermal conductivity along the axis of the chain of carbon atoms (approximately that of diamond, around 2100 W/m-K-five times that of copper). As diamond is constant in air to 900K (11600F), carbyne would have similar high temperature constancy provided that the ends are finished correctly. Carbine, with these properties, would offer an outstanding base for a heatproof fabric only if it is not in direct business with well-built carbide forming components like tungsten, titanium, tantalum, and zirconium at high temperatures. The extreme axial thermal conductivity would function as a natural heat pipe to help disperse heat from hot spots on the material. With an open range of molecules together with long, extensively spaced cross-links, thermal conductivity could be fairly low in the transverse plane.
Much potential can be seen in Self-assembly, as it is a groundbreaking new technique of producing materials from the bottom-up. Ideally, with self-assembly you can throw a bunch of modified molecules in a blend, and they should do all the difficult effort for you. Physical attractive force is one mode to get self-assembly. Material like static electricity, Van der Waals forces, and an array of other short-range attractive forces can be used to adjust component molecules in an ordered collection. This method has been very efficient in producing large grids of quantum dots in a tested periodic lattice.
Our strength to put up things from the bottom up is quite insufficient in scope. We can set up simple structures but we can't produce combined tools from the bottom up. Apart from repeating grids, any kind of general order can't be finished without some sort of top-down effect like lithographic patterning. If we want to take full advantage of the speed and accuracy of bottom up synthesis route, we have to become proficient in it.
Advantage Textile
Obviously, there are huge benefits to have materials that are 100 times stronger than we have now. Items manufactured from these materials could have 100 times less weight, using 100 times less material. Therefore, ultra light cars, trucks, trains, and planes would use far less power, particularly with atomically soft surfaces to minimise internal abrasion and air resistance damages.
Textile industry and fabric will have much the same benefits in functioning. At present, major units of fabrics are run by molecules of natural and synthetic materials like cotton (cellulose), wool (alpha-keratins), rayon (cellulose), polyester, and the like. The molecules are knotted jointly in several fashions to weave fibres, which consecutively can be spun into yarns.
At the molecular level, and considering the strengths of molecular nanotechnology, a clear method to enhance the health and durability of a fabric would be to add force to the fibre with carbyne molecules. Carbyne is a linear chain of carbon atoms with recurrent single and triple bonds. Carbyne has been recognised for some time but within the past year research scientists have effectively stabilized the molecule in long (300-500 atoms) chains by coating the ends with trifluoromethyl and nitrile radicals. Randomly long chains will be feasible with the production of molecular. With an approximated breaking force more than 6nN [19], carbyne is tremendously powerful in tension. A cubic packed range of carbyne molecules would have a tensile force more than 50 GPa (7,000,000 psi). According to analogy, rayon used for commercial purpose has a tensile force of 0.45 GPa (65,000 psi) and nylon, 0.083 GPa (12,000 psi). However, the carbyne molecule is fairly supple, giving many alternatives for winding into fibres.
Applying the identical types of configurations that Drexler created for gate knobs in the mechanical nanocomputer, a carbyne molecule could be cross-linked to other carbyne molecules. The power and rigidity of the resultant array could be oriented by altering the number, length, and geometry of the cross-links. Created of non-cross-linked molecular arrays, Carbyne fibres would have an exceptional amount of rigidity because fissures would not spread from one molecule to the next.
Carbyne has a huge thermal conductivity along the axis of the chain of carbon atoms (approximately that of diamond, around 2100 W/m-K-five times that of copper). As diamond is constant in air to 900K (11600F), carbyne would have similar high temperature constancy provided that the ends are finished correctly. Carbine, with these properties, would offer an outstanding base for a heatproof fabric only if it is not in direct business with well-built carbide forming components like tungsten, titanium, tantalum, and zirconium at high temperatures. The extreme axial thermal conductivity would function as a natural heat pipe to help disperse heat from hot spots on the material. With an open range of molecules together with long, extensively spaced cross-links, thermal conductivity could be fairly low in the transverse plane.
Obviously, it would not be advisable to associate the theoretical properties of carbyne with present commercial materials. Without carbyne, the present materials, which are created with molecular nanotechnology, would have much better properties on their own. According to Roger Soderberg, there would be nearly 100% competence in changing yarns to fabric tensile force because of the advanced uniformity in both strength and lengthening from one yarn to another. Fibre parting could be eliminated as a failure mode by linking individual fibres end to end and making them unbroken, but still bundled and twisted in the same formless way. If desired, it is feasible to do this while keeping the look and texture of today's fabrics, if desired.
Smart Materials and Nanotechnology
Molecular nanotechnology will integrate computers, sensors, and micro- and nanomachines with materials and thus introduce more fundamental transformations possible, while combination of flawless materials will initiate considerable progress in functioning. Here are some concepts:
.Micro-pumps and supple micro-tubes could convey coolant or a heated mode to required portions of clothing.
.To accept only specific kinds of molecules through, sorting rotors could be arranged as "pores" in a semi-porous membrane. To keep one side of a fabric dry or another side damp, water might be a helpful molecule to choose for. The water could be moved away to an evaporator, or piled up on the wet side.
.Active programmable material is one of the most fascinating concepts heard. The concept is to get the material manufactured by tiny cellular units that link to one another with screws. To orient their comparative spacing with the screws, computers would lead the cells, which are charged with small electrostatic motors. This choice would enable the screws to rigidify and which would separate; the shape of a product could alter to match with the requirements of the user. A quick modification in the shape of fabric or momentary interruptions between some cells of fabric can make the hard, inflexible object act like a fabric. On the other hand, a stretchy fabric could become inflexible with slackly attached cells temporarily linked into a stiff framework. Thus, differences between fabrics and other kinds of materials could vague.
.The programmable material idea has surpassed the boundaries of fabrics and entered other promising uses. Drexler mentioned one instance of space suit, which would enable the astronauts to move as freely as with their own skin. Installed computers linked to strain gages could feel the wearer's anticipated movement and tune the material appropriately. To take in required bulk of heat from the sun-opposing side and transfer it to cold spots, reflectance of the outer layer could be fluctuating - though the material's insulating agents would allow very little of the wearer's heat to leak. Surplus heat could be transferred to radiators on the cold side.
.Self-cleaning fabrics: robotic tools same as mites could at regular intervals rub the fabric surfaces and integral conveyors could transport the dirt to a collection site, or the before stated molecule-selective membrane could transfer water to one side or the other for a cleaning rinse.
.Self-repairing Fabrics: Antenna would sense discontinuities in the material through loss of signal or a conveyed strain excess load and send robotic "crews" to mend the damage. Self-shaping fabrics would be capable to come back to their initial shape around a tear until repairs are influenced.
.By combining panels of fabric with microscopic mechanical couplings along their edges, piles of fabrics could be manufactured without noticeable seams. In the same way, surfaces could hold mechanical couplings that, when pressed together would adhere with almost the force of the bulk material. This 'smart Velcro' could fasten and unfasten at the request of user.
Smart Materials and Nanotechnology
Molecular nanotechnology will integrate computers, sensors, and micro- and nanomachines with materials and thus introduce more fundamental transformations possible, while combination of flawless materials will initiate considerable progress in functioning. Here are some concepts:
.Micro-pumps and supple micro-tubes could convey coolant or a heated mode to required portions of clothing.
.To accept only specific kinds of molecules through, sorting rotors could be arranged as "pores" in a semi-porous membrane. To keep one side of a fabric dry or another side damp, water might be a helpful molecule to choose for. The water could be moved away to an evaporator, or piled up on the wet side.
.Active programmable material is one of the most fascinating concepts heard. The concept is to get the material manufactured by tiny cellular units that link to one another with screws. To orient their comparative spacing with the screws, computers would lead the cells, which are charged with small electrostatic motors. This choice would enable the screws to rigidify and which would separate; the shape of a product could alter to match with the requirements of the user. A quick modification in the shape of fabric or momentary interruptions between some cells of fabric can make the hard, inflexible object act like a fabric. On the other hand, a stretchy fabric could become inflexible with slackly attached cells temporarily linked into a stiff framework. Thus, differences between fabrics and other kinds of materials could vague.
.The programmable material idea has surpassed the boundaries of fabrics and entered other promising uses. Drexler mentioned one instance of space suit, which would enable the astronauts to move as freely as with their own skin. Installed computers linked to strain gages could feel the wearer's anticipated movement and tune the material appropriately. To take in required bulk of heat from the sun-opposing side and transfer it to cold spots, reflectance of the outer layer could be fluctuating - though the material's insulating agents would allow very little of the wearer's heat to leak. Surplus heat could be transferred to radiators on the cold side.
.Self-cleaning fabrics: robotic tools same as mites could at regular intervals rub the fabric surfaces and integral conveyors could transport the dirt to a collection site, or the before stated molecule-selective membrane could transfer water to one side or the other for a cleaning rinse.
.Self-repairing Fabrics: Antenna would sense discontinuities in the material through loss of signal or a conveyed strain excess load and send robotic "crews" to mend the damage. Self-shaping fabrics would be capable to come back to their initial shape around a tear until repairs are influenced.
.By combining panels of fabric with microscopic mechanical couplings along their edges, piles of fabrics could be manufactured without noticeable seams. In the same way, surfaces could hold mechanical couplings that, when pressed together would adhere with almost the force of the bulk material. This 'smart Velcro' could fasten and unfasten at the request of user.
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